Established
16:8 time-restricted eating
Eat within 8 hours, fast 16
Fasting protocols
Each protocol with its own trial evidence — including the recurring finding that most match plain calorie restriction.
Promising
Early time-restricted eating
Window shifted early, e.g. 8am-4pm
Established
The 5:2 diet
Two heavily restricted days per week
Established
Alternate-day fasting
Alternating fed and fasted or very-low-calorie days
Limited
One meal a day (OMAD)
A single daily eating occasion
Limited
Prolonged fasting (48 hours and beyond)
Multi-day, water or minimal intake
Related reading
GLP-1 Evidence
What the trials actually show about semaglutide, tirzepatide and the rest of the GLP-1 class.
Metabolism Review
Energy expenditure, insulin resistance and metabolic adaptation, without the folklore.
Weight Loss Evidence
Diets, drugs, behaviour and maintenance — ranked by the strength of the evidence behind them.
Sleep Evidence
Sleep, circadian rhythm and the wearables that claim to measure both.