[
  {
    "pmid": "41692034",
    "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD015610.pub2",
    "pmc": "PMC12906965",
    "title": "Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity",
    "authors": [
      "Garegnani LI",
      "Oltra G",
      "Ivaldi D",
      "Burgos MA",
      "Andrenacci PJ",
      "Rico S",
      "Boyd M",
      "Radler D",
      "Escobar Liquitay CM",
      "Madrid E"
    ],
    "journal": "The Cochrane database of systematic reviews",
    "year": 2026,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "metabolic-markers",
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "41677881",
    "doi": "10.1007/s00394-026-03891-2",
    "pmc": "PMC12901203",
    "title": "Fasting-mimicking diets as a strategy to reprogram tumor metabolism: a systematic review",
    "authors": [
      "Pereira IC",
      "Martins JA",
      "de Sousa DJM",
      "de Oliveira Neres MS",
      "Lima RSP",
      "da Silva Sousa J",
      "Monteiro RL",
      "da Silva FCC",
      "Severo JS",
      "Torres-Leal FL"
    ],
    "journal": "European journal of nutrition",
    "year": 2026,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "41657234",
    "doi": "10.1111/anae.70130",
    "pmc": "PMC13161736",
    "title": "Peri-operative fasting in adults: an international, multidisciplinary consensus statement",
    "authors": [
      "Rüggeberg A",
      "El-Boghdadly K",
      "Bilotta F",
      "Vaz MD",
      "Camilleri Podesta AM",
      "Jammer I",
      "Schindler E",
      "Elmawieh J",
      "Nagrebetsky A"
    ],
    "journal": "Anaesthesia",
    "year": 2026,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40533200",
    "doi": "10.1136/bmj-2024-082007",
    "pmc": "PMC12175170",
    "title": "Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials",
    "authors": [
      "Semnani-Azad Z",
      "Khan TA",
      "Chiavaroli L",
      "Chen V",
      "Bhatt HA",
      "Chen A",
      "Chiang N",
      "Oguntala J",
      "Kabisch S",
      "Lau DC",
      "Wharton S",
      "Sharma AM",
      "Harris L",
      "Leiter LA",
      "Hill JO",
      "Hu FB",
      "Lean ME",
      "Kahleová H",
      "Rahelic D",
      "Salas-Salvadó J",
      "Kendall CW",
      "Sievenpiper JL"
    ],
    "journal": "BMJ (Clinical research ed.)",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "time-restricted",
      "alternate-day",
      "metabolic-markers",
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39501676",
    "doi": "10.1111/obr.13855",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Longer-term effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Khalafi M",
      "Maleki AH",
      "Ehsanifar M",
      "Symonds ME",
      "Rosenkranz SK"
    ],
    "journal": "Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40787788",
    "doi": "10.1096/fj.202500951R",
    "pmc": "PMC12337243",
    "title": "Food Intake According to Clock Gene Polymorphisms: A Systematic Review",
    "authors": [
      "Campos LT",
      "Fonseca PF",
      "Rocha DMUP",
      "Bressan J",
      "Kravchychyn ACP",
      "Hermsdorff HHM"
    ],
    "journal": "FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40573103",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu17121992",
    "pmc": "PMC12195750",
    "title": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Kazeminasab F",
      "Sharafifard F",
      "Bahrami Kerchi A",
      "Bagheri R",
      "Carteri RB",
      "Kirwan R",
      "Santos HO",
      "Dutheil F"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "41199504",
    "doi": "10.1080/15502783.2025.2579027",
    "pmc": "PMC12599167",
    "title": "Fed, not fasted: is carbohydrate mouth rinsing still ergogenic? A three-level meta-analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Deng H",
      "Fan X",
      "Liu P",
      "Song T",
      "Ahmad Fuaad AA",
      "Bin Mohd Nasiruddin NJ",
      "Bin Naharudin MN"
    ],
    "journal": "Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40845418",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.nutres.2025.07.006",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Skipping breakfast and its wide-ranging health consequences: A systematic review from multiple metabolic disruptions to socioeconomic factors",
    "authors": [
      "Minari TP",
      "Pisani LP"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38201996",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu16010168",
    "pmc": "PMC10780856",
    "title": "Intermittent Fasting: Does It Affect Sports Performance? A Systematic Review",
    "authors": [
      "Conde-Pipó J",
      "Mora-Fernandez A",
      "Martinez-Bebia M",
      "Gimenez-Blasi N",
      "Lopez-Moro A",
      "Latorre JA",
      "Almendros-Ruiz A",
      "Requena B",
      "Mariscal-Arcas M"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38956175",
    "doi": "10.1111/dom.15730",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "The effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Khalafi M",
      "Habibi Maleki A",
      "Symonds ME",
      "Rosenkranz SK",
      "Rohani H",
      "Ehsanifar M"
    ],
    "journal": "Diabetes, obesity & metabolism",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38897385",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100262",
    "pmc": "PMC11301358",
    "title": "The Effect of Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Exercise on Body Composition and Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Dai Z",
      "Wan K",
      "Miyashita M",
      "Ho RS",
      "Zheng C",
      "Poon ET",
      "Wong SH"
    ],
    "journal": "Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38354947",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cjca.2024.02.004",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Risks and Benefits of Intermittent Fasting for the Aging Cardiovascular System",
    "authors": [
      "Ozcan M",
      "Abdellatif M",
      "Javaheri A",
      "Sedej S"
    ],
    "journal": "The Canadian journal of cardiology",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "metabolic-markers"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37986623",
    "doi": "10.1093/nutrit/nuad141",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Changes in energy and macronutrient intakes during Ramadan fasting: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression",
    "authors": [
      "Abdelrahim DN",
      "El Herrag SE",
      "Khaled MB",
      "Radwan H",
      "Naja F",
      "Alkurd R",
      "Khan MAB",
      "Zeb F",
      "AbuShihab KH",
      "Mahrous L",
      "Obaideen K",
      "Kalam F",
      "Granata Iv F",
      "Madkour M",
      "Faris ME"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrition reviews",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39287572",
    "doi": "10.1177/17455057241276232",
    "pmc": "PMC11409301",
    "title": "Psychological distress and coping strategies in breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant therapy: A systematic review",
    "authors": [
      "Omari M",
      "Amaadour L",
      "El Asri A",
      "Benbrahim Z",
      "Mellas N",
      "El Rhazi K",
      "Ragala MEA",
      "El Hilaly J",
      "Halim K",
      "Zarrouq B"
    ],
    "journal": "Women's health (London, England)",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37028708",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.001",
    "pmc": "PMC10201832",
    "title": "Nutrition and Exercise Interventions to Improve Body Composition for Persons with Overweight or Obesity Near Retirement Age: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials",
    "authors": [
      "Eglseer D",
      "Traxler M",
      "Embacher S",
      "Reiter L",
      "Schoufour JD",
      "Weijs PJM",
      "Voortman T",
      "Boirie Y",
      "Cruz-Jentoft A",
      "Bauer S"
    ],
    "journal": "Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "36349432",
    "doi": "10.1002/oby.23568",
    "pmc": "PMC10098946",
    "title": "A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss",
    "authors": [
      "Elortegui Pascual P",
      "Rolands MR",
      "Eldridge AL",
      "Kassis A",
      "Mainardi F",
      "Lê KA",
      "Karagounis LG",
      "Gut P",
      "Varady KA"
    ],
    "journal": "Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted",
      "alternate-day"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37299567",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu15112604",
    "pmc": "PMC10255792",
    "title": "The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Appetite: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Elsworth RL",
      "Monge A",
      "Perry R",
      "Hinton EC",
      "Flynn AN",
      "Whitmarsh A",
      "Hamilton-Shield JP",
      "Lawrence NS",
      "Brunstrom JM"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "alternate-day"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37375570",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu15122666",
    "pmc": "PMC10303481",
    "title": "Therapeutic Fasting in Reducing Chemotherapy Side Effects in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Ferro Y",
      "Maurotti S",
      "Tarsitano MG",
      "Lodari O",
      "Pujia R",
      "Mazza E",
      "Lascala L",
      "Russo R",
      "Pujia A",
      "Montalcini T"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "35565749",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu14091781",
    "pmc": "PMC9099935",
    "title": "Intermittent Fasting versus Continuous Calorie Restriction: Which Is Better for Weight Loss?",
    "authors": [
      "Zhang Q",
      "Zhang C",
      "Wang H",
      "Ma Z",
      "Liu D",
      "Guan X",
      "Liu Y",
      "Fu Y",
      "Cui M",
      "Dong J"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2022,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "35239154",
    "doi": "10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3",
    "pmc": "PMC9325805",
    "title": "Maltodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing and Exercise Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Hartley C",
      "Carr A",
      "Bowe SJ",
      "Bredie WLP",
      "Keast RSJ"
    ],
    "journal": "Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)",
    "year": 2022,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "34919135",
    "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.39558",
    "pmc": "PMC8683964",
    "title": "Intermittent Fasting and Obesity-Related Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials",
    "authors": [
      "Patikorn C",
      "Roubal K",
      "Veettil SK",
      "Chandran V",
      "Pham T",
      "Lee YY",
      "Giovannucci EL",
      "Varady KA",
      "Chaiyakunapruk N"
    ],
    "journal": "JAMA network open",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted",
      "alternate-day"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "33512717",
    "doi": "10.1002/14651858.CD013496.pub2",
    "pmc": "PMC8092432",
    "title": "Intermittent fasting for the prevention of cardiovascular disease",
    "authors": [
      "Allaf M",
      "Elghazaly H",
      "Mohamed OG",
      "Fareen MFK",
      "Zaman S",
      "Salmasi AM",
      "Tsilidis K",
      "Dehghan A"
    ],
    "journal": "The Cochrane database of systematic reviews",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "alternate-day",
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "34391831",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109003",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy-restricted diet for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome for glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials",
    "authors": [
      "Wang X",
      "Li Q",
      "Liu Y",
      "Jiang H",
      "Chen W"
    ],
    "journal": "Diabetes research and clinical practice",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "metabolic-markers",
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "33604863",
    "doi": "10.1007/s11695-021-05278-0",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Daily Timing of Meals and Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review",
    "authors": [
      "Cossec M",
      "Atger F",
      "Blanchard C",
      "Jacobi D"
    ],
    "journal": "Obesity surgery",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "32060194",
    "doi": null,
    "pmc": "PMC7021351",
    "title": "Intermittent fasting and weight loss: Systematic review",
    "authors": [
      "Welton S",
      "Minty R",
      "O'Driscoll T",
      "Willms H",
      "Poirier D",
      "Madden S",
      "Kelly L"
    ],
    "journal": "Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien",
    "year": 2020,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "time-restricted",
      "alternate-day",
      "metabolic-markers",
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "32408718",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu12051390",
    "pmc": "PMC7284994",
    "title": "Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Specific Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review Including Meta-Analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Correia JM",
      "Santos I",
      "Pezarat-Correia P",
      "Minderico C",
      "Mendonca GV"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2020,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "29315892",
    "doi": "10.1111/sms.13054",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Effects of fasted vs fed-state exercise on performance and post-exercise metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
    "authors": [
      "Aird TP",
      "Davies RW",
      "Carson BP"
    ],
    "journal": "Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports",
    "year": 2018,
    "type": "Meta-analysis",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "28928073",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.005",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Timing of food intake: Sounding the alarm about metabolic impairments? A systematic review",
    "authors": [
      "Beccuti G",
      "Monagheddu C",
      "Evangelista A",
      "Ciccone G",
      "Broglio F",
      "Soldati L",
      "Bo S"
    ],
    "journal": "Pharmacological research",
    "year": 2017,
    "type": "Systematic review",
    "evidence": 5,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40838738",
    "doi": "10.1093/sleep/zsaf249",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Exploring circadian and meal timing impacts on cortisol during simulated night shifts",
    "authors": [
      "Grosser L",
      "Yates C",
      "Dorrian J",
      "Centofanti S",
      "Heilbronn L",
      "Wittert G",
      "Kennaway D",
      "Coates AM",
      "Gupta CC",
      "Stepien JM",
      "Matthews RW",
      "Catcheside P",
      "Banks S"
    ],
    "journal": "Sleep",
    "year": 2026,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40730806",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41598-025-07461-0",
    "pmc": "PMC12307605",
    "title": "Intermittent fasting and a no-sugar diet for Long COVID symptoms: a randomized crossover trial",
    "authors": [
      "Bunker T",
      "Horne BD",
      "Baldwin MD",
      "Sorrells R",
      "Turner S",
      "Laube L",
      "Solomon A",
      "Horne LA",
      "Novack J"
    ],
    "journal": "Scientific reports",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40816210",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.clnu.2025.08.004",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Effects of fasting-mimicking diets with low and high protein content on cardiometabolic health and autophagy: A randomized, parallel group study",
    "authors": [
      "Burns L",
      "Cooper S",
      "Sarmad S",
      "Funke G",
      "Di Mauro A",
      "Gaitanos GC",
      "Tsintzas K"
    ],
    "journal": "Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland)",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38904963",
    "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16786",
    "pmc": "PMC11193124",
    "title": "A 5:2 Intermittent Fasting Meal Replacement Diet and Glycemic Control for Adults With Diabetes: The EARLY Randomized Clinical Trial",
    "authors": [
      "Guo L",
      "Xi Y",
      "Jin W",
      "Yuan H",
      "Qin G",
      "Chen S",
      "Zhang L",
      "Liu Y",
      "Cheng X",
      "Liu W",
      "Yu D"
    ],
    "journal": "JAMA network open",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "metabolic-markers"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38932663",
    "doi": "10.1111/jdi.14186",
    "pmc": "PMC11363092",
    "title": "Effect of intermittent fasting 16:8 and 14:10 compared with control-group on weight reduction and metabolic outcomes in obesity with type 2 diabetes patients: A randomized controlled trial",
    "authors": [
      "Sukkriang N",
      "Buranapin S"
    ],
    "journal": "Journal of diabetes investigation",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "metabolic-markers"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38901423",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.017",
    "pmc": "PMC11305918",
    "title": "Brain responses to intermittent fasting and the healthy living diet in older adults",
    "authors": [
      "Kapogiannis D",
      "Manolopoulos A",
      "Mullins R",
      "Avgerinos K",
      "Delgado-Peraza F",
      "Mustapic M",
      "Nogueras-Ortiz C",
      "Yao PJ",
      "Pucha KA",
      "Brooks J",
      "Chen Q",
      "Haas SS",
      "Ge R",
      "Hartnell LM",
      "Cookson MR",
      "Egan JM",
      "Frangou S",
      "Mattson MP"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "metabolic-markers"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39348690",
    "doi": "10.7326/M24-0859",
    "pmc": "PMC11929607",
    "title": "Time-Restricted Eating in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome : A Randomized Controlled Trial",
    "authors": [
      "Manoogian ENC",
      "Wilkinson MJ",
      "O'Neal M",
      "Laing K",
      "Nguyen J",
      "Van D",
      "Rosander A",
      "Pazargadi A",
      "Gutierrez NR",
      "Fleischer JG",
      "Golshan S",
      "Panda S",
      "Taub PR"
    ],
    "journal": "Annals of internal medicine",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39454570",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101801",
    "pmc": "PMC11604488",
    "title": "Effects of healthy low-carbohydrate diet and time-restricted eating on weight and gut microbiome in adults with overweight or obesity: Feeding RCT",
    "authors": [
      "Li L",
      "Li R",
      "Tian Q",
      "Luo Y",
      "Li R",
      "Lin X",
      "Ou Y",
      "Guo T",
      "Chen X",
      "Pan A",
      "Manson JE",
      "Liu G"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell reports. Medicine",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39487653",
    "doi": "10.1080/15502783.2024.2419388",
    "pmc": "PMC11536656",
    "title": "Assessment of Urolithin A effects on muscle endurance, strength, inflammation, oxidative stress, and protein metabolism in male athletes with resistance training: an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study",
    "authors": [
      "Zhao H",
      "Zhu H",
      "Yun H",
      "Liu J",
      "Song G",
      "Teng J",
      "Zou D",
      "Lu N",
      "Liu C"
    ],
    "journal": "Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38378685",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41467-024-45260-9",
    "pmc": "PMC10879164",
    "title": "Fasting-mimicking diet causes hepatic and blood markers changes indicating reduced biological age and disease risk",
    "authors": [
      "Brandhorst S",
      "Levine ME",
      "Wei M",
      "Shelehchi M",
      "Morgan TE",
      "Nayak KS",
      "Dorff T",
      "Hong K",
      "Crimmins EM",
      "Cohen P",
      "Longo VD"
    ],
    "journal": "Nature communications",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37889487",
    "doi": "10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.39337",
    "pmc": "PMC10611992",
    "title": "Effect of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial",
    "authors": [
      "Pavlou V",
      "Cienfuegos S",
      "Lin S",
      "Ezpeleta M",
      "Ready K",
      "Corapi S",
      "Wu J",
      "Lopez J",
      "Gabel K",
      "Tussing-Humphreys L",
      "Oddo VM",
      "Alexandria SJ",
      "Sanchez J",
      "Unterman T",
      "Chow LS",
      "Vidmar AP",
      "Varady KA"
    ],
    "journal": "JAMA network open",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "36868222",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.006",
    "pmc": "PMC10257771",
    "title": "Sustained alternate-day fasting potentiates doxorubicin cardiotoxicity",
    "authors": [
      "Ozcan M",
      "Guo Z",
      "Valenzuela Ripoll C",
      "Diab A",
      "Picataggi A",
      "Rawnsley D",
      "Lotfinaghsh A",
      "Bergom C",
      "Szymanski J",
      "Hwang D",
      "Asnani A",
      "Kosiborod M",
      "Zheng J",
      "Hayashi RJ",
      "Woodard PK",
      "Kovacs A",
      "Margulies KB",
      "Schilling J",
      "Razani B",
      "Diwan A",
      "Javaheri A"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "alternate-day",
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "36549296",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2022.12.001",
    "pmc": "PMC9812925",
    "title": "Effect of alternate day fasting combined with aerobic exercise on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial",
    "authors": [
      "Ezpeleta M",
      "Gabel K",
      "Cienfuegos S",
      "Kalam F",
      "Lin S",
      "Pavlou V",
      "Song Z",
      "Haus JM",
      "Koppe S",
      "Alexandria SJ",
      "Tussing-Humphreys L",
      "Varady KA"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "alternate-day"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37945671",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41598-023-46490-5",
    "pmc": "PMC10636009",
    "title": "The metabolic effects of intermittent versus continuous feeding in critically ill patients",
    "authors": [
      "Wilkinson D",
      "Gallagher IJ",
      "McNelly A",
      "Bear DE",
      "Hart N",
      "Montgomery HE",
      "Le Guennec A",
      "Conte MR",
      "Francis T",
      "Harridge SDR",
      "Atherton PJ",
      "Puthucheary ZA"
    ],
    "journal": "Scientific reports",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "36508320",
    "doi": "10.2337/dc22-1622",
    "pmc": "PMC9887629",
    "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Fasting in People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (INTERFAST-2)-A Randomized Controlled Trial",
    "authors": [
      "Obermayer A",
      "Tripolt NJ",
      "Pferschy PN",
      "Kojzar H",
      "Aziz F",
      "Müller A",
      "Schauer M",
      "Oulhaj A",
      "Aberer F",
      "Sourij C",
      "Habisch H",
      "Madl T",
      "Pieber T",
      "Obermayer-Pietsch B",
      "Stadlbauer V",
      "Sourij H"
    ],
    "journal": "Diabetes care",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37024596",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41591-023-02287-7",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial",
    "authors": [
      "Teong XT",
      "Liu K",
      "Vincent AD",
      "Bensalem J",
      "Liu B",
      "Hattersley KJ",
      "Zhao L",
      "Feinle-Bisset C",
      "Sargeant TJ",
      "Wittert GA",
      "Hutchison AT",
      "Heilbronn LK"
    ],
    "journal": "Nature medicine",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-safety",
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "35443107",
    "doi": "10.1056/NEJMoa2114833",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Calorie Restriction with or without Time-Restricted Eating in Weight Loss",
    "authors": [
      "Liu D",
      "Huang Y",
      "Huang C",
      "Yang S",
      "Wei X",
      "Zhang P",
      "Guo D",
      "Lin J",
      "Xu B",
      "Li C",
      "He H",
      "He J",
      "Liu S",
      "Shi L",
      "Xue Y",
      "Zhang H"
    ],
    "journal": "The New England journal of medicine",
    "year": 2022,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "36198293",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2022.09.007",
    "pmc": "PMC10184753",
    "title": "Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity",
    "authors": [
      "Vujović N",
      "Piron MJ",
      "Qian J",
      "Chellappa SL",
      "Nedeltcheva A",
      "Barr D",
      "Heng SW",
      "Kerlin K",
      "Srivastav S",
      "Wang W",
      "Shoji B",
      "Garaulet M",
      "Brady MJ",
      "Scheer FAJL"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2022,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "33259790",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.092",
    "pmc": "PMC7878354",
    "title": "Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism",
    "authors": [
      "Allison KC",
      "Hopkins CM",
      "Ruggieri M",
      "Spaeth AM",
      "Ahima RS",
      "Zhang Z",
      "Taylor DM",
      "Goel N"
    ],
    "journal": "Current biology : CB",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "32986097",
    "doi": "10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153",
    "pmc": "PMC7522780",
    "title": "Effects of Time-Restricted Eating on Weight Loss and Other Metabolic Parameters in Women and Men With Overweight and Obesity: The TREAT Randomized Clinical Trial",
    "authors": [
      "Lowe DA",
      "Wu N",
      "Rohdin-Bibby L",
      "Moore AH",
      "Kelly N",
      "Liu YE",
      "Philip E",
      "Vittinghoff E",
      "Heymsfield SB",
      "Olgin JE",
      "Shepherd JA",
      "Weiss EJ"
    ],
    "journal": "JAMA internal medicine",
    "year": 2020,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "31471173",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.016",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Alternate Day Fasting Improves Physiological and Molecular Markers of Aging in Healthy, Non-obese Humans",
    "authors": [
      "Stekovic S",
      "Hofer SJ",
      "Tripolt N",
      "Aon MA",
      "Royer P",
      "Pein L",
      "Stadler JT",
      "Pendl T",
      "Prietl B",
      "Url J",
      "Schroeder S",
      "Tadic J",
      "Eisenberg T",
      "Magnes C",
      "Stumpe M",
      "Zuegner E",
      "Bordag N",
      "Riedl R",
      "Schmidt A",
      "Kolesnik E",
      "Verheyen N",
      "Springer A",
      "Madl T",
      "Sinner F",
      "de Cabo R",
      "Kroemer G",
      "Obermayer-Pietsch B",
      "Dengjel J",
      "Sourij H",
      "Pieber TR",
      "Madeo F"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2019,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "alternate-day"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "31151228",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu11061234",
    "pmc": "PMC6627766",
    "title": "Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves 24-Hour Glucose Levels and Affects Markers of the Circadian Clock, Aging, and Autophagy in Humans",
    "authors": [
      "Jamshed H",
      "Beyl RA",
      "Della Manna DL",
      "Yang ES",
      "Ravussin E",
      "Peterson CM"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2019,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy",
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "28202779",
    "doi": "10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700",
    "pmc": "PMC6816332",
    "title": "Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease",
    "authors": [
      "Wei M",
      "Brandhorst S",
      "Shelehchi M",
      "Mirzaei H",
      "Cheng CW",
      "Budniak J",
      "Groshen S",
      "Mack WJ",
      "Guen E",
      "Di Biase S",
      "Cohen P",
      "Morgan TE",
      "Dorff T",
      "Hong K",
      "Michalsen A",
      "Laviano A",
      "Longo VD"
    ],
    "journal": "Science translational medicine",
    "year": 2017,
    "type": "Randomised controlled trial",
    "evidence": 4,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "40647240",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu17132135",
    "pmc": "PMC12252119",
    "title": "Chrononutrition and Energy Balance: How Meal Timing and Circadian Rhythms Shape Weight Regulation and Metabolic Health",
    "authors": [
      "Reytor-González C",
      "Simancas-Racines D",
      "Román-Galeano NM",
      "Annunziata G",
      "Galasso M",
      "Zambrano-Villacres R",
      "Verde L",
      "Muscogiuri G",
      "Frias-Toral E",
      "Barrea L"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2025,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38955141",
    "doi": "10.1159/000540068",
    "pmc": "PMC11262566",
    "title": "Health Benefits of Intermittent Fasting",
    "authors": [
      "Reddy BL",
      "Reddy VS",
      "Saier MH Jr"
    ],
    "journal": "Microbial physiology",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39059383",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2024.06.014",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Cyclic fasting-mimicking diet in cancer treatment: Preclinical and clinical evidence",
    "authors": [
      "Vernieri C",
      "Ligorio F",
      "Tripathy D",
      "Longo VD"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37906749",
    "doi": "10.4067/s0034-98872023000100081",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "[Intermittent fasting and human metabolic health]",
    "authors": [
      "Carvajal V",
      "Marín A",
      "Gihardo D",
      "Maluenda F",
      "Carrasco F",
      "Chamorro R"
    ],
    "journal": "Revista medica de Chile",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "metabolic-markers"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "37924422",
    "doi": "10.1007/s13679-023-00536-x",
    "pmc": "PMC10748777",
    "title": "Ketogenic Diet: A Nutritional Therapeutic Tool for Lipedema?",
    "authors": [
      "Verde L",
      "Camajani E",
      "Annunziata G",
      "Sojat A",
      "Marina LV",
      "Colao A",
      "Caprio M",
      "Muscogiuri G",
      "Barrea L"
    ],
    "journal": "Current obesity reports",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "35276989",
    "doi": "10.3390/nu14030631",
    "pmc": "PMC8839325",
    "title": "Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Health",
    "authors": [
      "Vasim I",
      "Majeed CN",
      "DeBoer MD"
    ],
    "journal": "Nutrients",
    "year": 2022,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "alternate-day"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "35194176",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41574-022-00638-x",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions",
    "authors": [
      "Varady KA",
      "Cienfuegos S",
      "Ezpeleta M",
      "Gabel K"
    ],
    "journal": "Nature reviews. Endocrinology",
    "year": 2022,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "intermittent-fasting",
      "fasting-safety"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "33512641",
    "doi": "10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Time-Restricted Eating, Intermittent Fasting, and Fasting-Mimicking Diets in Weight Loss",
    "authors": [
      "Fanti M",
      "Mishra A",
      "Longo VD",
      "Brandhorst S"
    ],
    "journal": "Current obesity reports",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "32998085",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.009",
    "pmc": "PMC7997809",
    "title": "Circadian rhythms and meal timing: impact on energy balance and body weight",
    "authors": [
      "Boege HL",
      "Bhatti MZ",
      "St-Onge MP"
    ],
    "journal": "Current opinion in biotechnology",
    "year": 2021,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "30969153",
    "doi": "10.1080/09637486.2019.1595543",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "Snacking in nutrition and health",
    "authors": [
      "Marangoni F",
      "Martini D",
      "Scaglioni S",
      "Sculati M",
      "Donini LM",
      "Leonardi F",
      "Agostoni C",
      "Castelnuovo G",
      "Ferrara N",
      "Ghiselli A",
      "Giampietro M",
      "Maffeis C",
      "Porrini M",
      "Barbi B",
      "Poli A"
    ],
    "journal": "International journal of food sciences and nutrition",
    "year": 2019,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "29754952",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010",
    "pmc": "PMC5990470",
    "title": "Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes",
    "authors": [
      "Sutton EF",
      "Beyl R",
      "Early KS",
      "Cefalu WT",
      "Ravussin E",
      "Peterson CM"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2018,
    "type": "Clinical trial",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "29195759",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017",
    "pmc": "PMC5995632",
    "title": "Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans",
    "authors": [
      "Poggiogalle E",
      "Jamshed H",
      "Peterson CM"
    ],
    "journal": "Metabolism: clinical and experimental",
    "year": 2018,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "circadian"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "28017879",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.arr.2016.12.006",
    "pmc": "PMC5814245",
    "title": "Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging",
    "authors": [
      "Manoogian ENC",
      "Panda S"
    ],
    "journal": "Ageing research reviews",
    "year": 2017,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "27810402",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005",
    "pmc": "PMC5411330",
    "title": "Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes",
    "authors": [
      "Mattson MP",
      "Longo VD",
      "Harvie M"
    ],
    "journal": "Ageing research reviews",
    "year": 2017,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "27304506",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.001",
    "pmc": "PMC5388543",
    "title": "Fasting, Circadian Rhythms, and Time-Restricted Feeding in Healthy Lifespan",
    "authors": [
      "Longo VD",
      "Panda S"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell metabolism",
    "year": 2016,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "time-restricted"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "20484315",
    "doi": "10.1136/bjsm.2010.072181",
    "pmc": null,
    "title": "The effects of fasting on metabolism and performance",
    "authors": [
      "Maughan RJ",
      "Fallah J",
      "Coyle EF"
    ],
    "journal": "British journal of sports medicine",
    "year": 2010,
    "type": "Review",
    "evidence": 3,
    "topics": [
      "fasting-exercise"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "39117797",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41556-024-01468-x",
    "pmc": "PMC11392816",
    "title": "Spermidine is essential for fasting-mediated autophagy and longevity",
    "authors": [
      "Hofer SJ",
      "Daskalaki I",
      "Bergmann M",
      "Friščić J",
      "Zimmermann A",
      "Mueller MI",
      "Abdellatif M",
      "Nicastro R",
      "Masser S",
      "Durand S",
      "Nartey A",
      "Waltenstorfer M",
      "Enzenhofer S",
      "Faimann I",
      "Gschiel V",
      "Bajaj T",
      "Niemeyer C",
      "Gkikas I",
      "Pein L",
      "Cerrato G",
      "Pan H",
      "Liang Y",
      "Tadic J",
      "Jerkovic A",
      "Aprahamian F",
      "Robbins CE",
      "Nirmalathasan N",
      "Habisch H",
      "Annerer E",
      "Dethloff F",
      "Stumpe M",
      "Grundler F",
      "Wilhelmi de Toledo F",
      "Heinz DE",
      "Koppold DA",
      "Rajput Khokhar A",
      "Michalsen A",
      "Tripolt NJ",
      "Sourij H",
      "Pieber TR",
      "de Cabo R",
      "McCormick MA",
      "Magnes C",
      "Kepp O",
      "Dengjel J",
      "Sigrist SJ",
      "Gassen NC",
      "Sedej S",
      "Madl T",
      "De Virgilio C",
      "Stelzl U",
      "Hoffmann MH",
      "Eisenberg T",
      "Tavernarakis N",
      "Kroemer G",
      "Madeo F"
    ],
    "journal": "Nature cell biology",
    "year": 2024,
    "type": "Journal article",
    "evidence": 2,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "38118410",
    "doi": "10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101324",
    "pmc": "PMC10772463",
    "title": "The anabolic response to protein ingestion during recovery from exercise has no upper limit in magnitude and duration in vivo in humans",
    "authors": [
      "Trommelen J",
      "van Lieshout GAA",
      "Nyakayiru J",
      "Holwerda AM",
      "Smeets JSJ",
      "Hendriks FK",
      "van Kranenburg JMX",
      "Zorenc AH",
      "Senden JM",
      "Goessens JPB",
      "Gijsen AP",
      "van Loon LJC"
    ],
    "journal": "Cell reports. Medicine",
    "year": 2023,
    "type": "Journal article",
    "evidence": 2,
    "topics": [
      "autophagy"
    ]
  },
  {
    "pmid": "32669709",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2502-7",
    "pmc": "PMC7881940",
    "title": "Fasting-mimicking diet and hormone therapy induce breast cancer regression",
    "authors": [
      "Caffa I",
      "Spagnolo V",
      "Vernieri C",
      "Valdemarin F",
      "Becherini P",
      "Wei M",
      "Brandhorst S",
      "Zucal C",
      "Driehuis E",
      "Ferrando L",
      "Piacente F",
      "Tagliafico A",
      "Cilli M",
      "Mastracci L",
      "Vellone VG",
      "Piazza S",
      "Cremonini AL",
      "Gradaschi R",
      "Mantero C",
      "Passalacqua M",
      "Ballestrero A",
      "Zoppoli G",
      "Cea M",
      "Arrighi A",
      "Odetti P",
      "Monacelli F",
      "Salvadori G",
      "Cortellino S",
      "Clevers H",
      "De Braud F",
      "Sukkar SG",
      "Provenzani A",
      "Longo VD",
      "Nencioni A"
    ],
    "journal": "Nature",
    "year": 2020,
    "type": "Journal article",
    "evidence": 2,
    "topics": [
      "prolonged-fasting"
    ]
  }
]